See penuria on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"pēnūria",
"penuria#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "la",
"3": "pēnūria"
},
"expansion": "Latin pēnūria",
"name": "uder"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin pēnūria.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penurie",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "penuria f (plural penurie)",
"name": "it-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pe‧nù‧ria"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"pe‧nù‧ria"
]
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian undefined derivations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "48 45 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 46 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"shortage, lack, scarcity, scarceness"
],
"id": "en-penuria-it-noun-ypkiqomB",
"links": [
[
"shortage",
"shortage"
],
[
"lack",
"lack"
],
[
"scarcity",
"scarcity"
],
[
"scarceness",
"scarceness"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "scarsità"
},
{
"word": "mancanza"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/peˈnu.rja/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-urja"
}
],
"word": "penuria"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "penury"
},
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "pénurie"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "penuria"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "penúria"
},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"word": "penurie"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"word": "pinùria"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "penuria"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"paene",
"paene#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_text": "Perhaps related to paene (“almost”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pēnūria",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriae",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriae",
"penuriae"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūria",
"links": [
[
"pēnūria",
"penuria#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriae",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriae",
"penuriae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriae",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriae",
"penuriae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriārum",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriārum",
"penuriarum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriae",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriae",
"penuriae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriīs",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriīs",
"penuriis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriam",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriam",
"penuriam#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriās",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriās",
"penurias#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriā",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriā",
"penuria#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriīs",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriīs",
"penuriis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūria",
"links": [
[
"pēnūria",
"penuria#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriae",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriae",
"penuriae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "paenūria",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pēnūria<1>"
},
"expansion": "pēnūria f (genitive pēnūriae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pēnūria<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "dīvitiae"
},
{
"word": "opulentia"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "48 45 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 46 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "[…] but the beauty of the youngest was so marvellous and dazzling that it could neither be expressed nor sufficiently praised by the paucity of human speech.",
"ref": "c. 125 CE – 180 CE, Apuleius, Metamorphoses (Apuleius) 4.28",
"text": "[…] at vērō puellae iūniōris tam praecipua, tam praeclāra pulchritūdō nec exprimī ac ne sufficienter quidem laudārī sermōnis hūmānī pēnūriā poterat.",
"translation": "[…] but the beauty of the youngest was so marvellous and dazzling that it could neither be expressed nor sufficiently praised by the paucity of human speech.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"want, need, scarcity"
],
"id": "en-penuria-la-noun-FkzWse9A",
"links": [
[
"want",
"want"
],
[
"need",
"need"
],
[
"scarcity",
"scarcity"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "egestās"
},
{
"word": "paupertās"
},
{
"word": "dēsīderium"
},
{
"word": "necessitās"
},
{
"word": "inopia"
},
{
"word": "indigentia"
},
{
"word": "ūsus"
},
{
"word": "opus"
},
{
"word": "angustia"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-1"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[peːˈnuː.ri.a]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[peˈnuː.ri.a]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "penuria"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"pēnūria",
"penuria#Latin"
],
[
"penury",
"penury#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "la",
"3": "pēnūria"
},
"expansion": "Latin pēnūria",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "penury"
},
"expansion": "English penury",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin pēnūria. Cognate with English penury.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penurias",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "penuria f (plural penurias)",
"name": "es-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pe‧nu‧ria"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"pe‧nu‧ria"
]
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "55 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hardship (financial), penury"
],
"id": "en-penuria-es-noun-YjY39znL",
"links": [
[
"hardship",
"hardship"
],
[
"penury",
"penury"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "55 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"shortage, lack, dearth"
],
"id": "en-penuria-es-noun-S~UlrGup",
"links": [
[
"shortage",
"shortage"
],
[
"lack",
"lack"
],
[
"dearth",
"dearth"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "escasez"
},
{
"word": "falta"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/peˈnuɾja/"
},
{
"ipa": "[peˈnu.ɾja]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uɾja"
}
],
"word": "penuria"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"pēnūria",
"penuria#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "la",
"3": "pēnūria"
},
"expansion": "Latin pēnūria",
"name": "uder"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin pēnūria.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penurie",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "penuria f (plural penurie)",
"name": "it-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pe‧nù‧ria"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"pe‧nù‧ria"
]
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Italian 3-syllable words",
"Italian countable nouns",
"Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"Italian feminine nouns",
"Italian lemmas",
"Italian nouns",
"Italian terms derived from Latin",
"Italian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Italian undefined derivations",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Italian/urja",
"Rhymes:Italian/urja/3 syllables"
],
"glosses": [
"shortage, lack, scarcity, scarceness"
],
"links": [
[
"shortage",
"shortage"
],
[
"lack",
"lack"
],
[
"scarcity",
"scarcity"
],
[
"scarceness",
"scarceness"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "scarsità"
},
{
"word": "mancanza"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/peˈnu.rja/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-urja"
}
],
"word": "penuria"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "penury"
},
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "pénurie"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "penuria"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "penúria"
},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"word": "penurie"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"word": "pinùria"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "penuria"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"paene",
"paene#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_text": "Perhaps related to paene (“almost”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pēnūria",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriae",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriae",
"penuriae"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūria",
"links": [
[
"pēnūria",
"penuria#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriae",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriae",
"penuriae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriae",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriae",
"penuriae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriārum",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriārum",
"penuriarum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriae",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriae",
"penuriae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriīs",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriīs",
"penuriis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriam",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriam",
"penuriam#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriās",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriās",
"penurias#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriā",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriā",
"penuria#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriīs",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriīs",
"penuriis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūria",
"links": [
[
"pēnūria",
"penuria#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnūriae",
"links": [
[
"pēnūriae",
"penuriae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "paenūria",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pēnūria<1>"
},
"expansion": "pēnūria f (genitive pēnūriae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pēnūria<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "dīvitiae"
},
{
"word": "opulentia"
}
],
"categories": [
"Latin 4-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin feminine nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"Latin first declension nouns",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin terms with quotations",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "[…] but the beauty of the youngest was so marvellous and dazzling that it could neither be expressed nor sufficiently praised by the paucity of human speech.",
"ref": "c. 125 CE – 180 CE, Apuleius, Metamorphoses (Apuleius) 4.28",
"text": "[…] at vērō puellae iūniōris tam praecipua, tam praeclāra pulchritūdō nec exprimī ac ne sufficienter quidem laudārī sermōnis hūmānī pēnūriā poterat.",
"translation": "[…] but the beauty of the youngest was so marvellous and dazzling that it could neither be expressed nor sufficiently praised by the paucity of human speech.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"want, need, scarcity"
],
"links": [
[
"want",
"want"
],
[
"need",
"need"
],
[
"scarcity",
"scarcity"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "egestās"
},
{
"word": "paupertās"
},
{
"word": "dēsīderium"
},
{
"word": "necessitās"
},
{
"word": "inopia"
},
{
"word": "indigentia"
},
{
"word": "ūsus"
},
{
"word": "opus"
},
{
"word": "angustia"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-1"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[peːˈnuː.ri.a]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[peˈnuː.ri.a]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "penuria"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Spanish/uɾja",
"Rhymes:Spanish/uɾja/3 syllables",
"Spanish 3-syllable words",
"Spanish countable nouns",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish feminine nouns",
"Spanish lemmas",
"Spanish nouns",
"Spanish terms derived from Latin",
"Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"pēnūria",
"penuria#Latin"
],
[
"penury",
"penury#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "la",
"3": "pēnūria"
},
"expansion": "Latin pēnūria",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "penury"
},
"expansion": "English penury",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin pēnūria. Cognate with English penury.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penurias",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "penuria f (plural penurias)",
"name": "es-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pe‧nu‧ria"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"pe‧nu‧ria"
]
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"hardship (financial), penury"
],
"links": [
[
"hardship",
"hardship"
],
[
"penury",
"penury"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"shortage, lack, dearth"
],
"links": [
[
"shortage",
"shortage"
],
[
"lack",
"lack"
],
[
"dearth",
"dearth"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "escasez"
},
{
"word": "falta"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/peˈnuɾja/"
},
{
"ipa": "[peˈnu.ɾja]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uɾja"
}
],
"word": "penuria"
}
Download raw JSONL data for penuria meaning in All languages combined (6.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.